Class Topography

The curricular unit of Topography allows the understanding of fundamental concepts, principles and theories that allow georeferencing in the topographic field and the reading and understanding of land surface representations through the instrumentation, collection and processing of observations.   At the end of this course, the student must have acquired the necessary knowledge to apply the concepts of topography to Civil Engineering, namely: reading of topographic charts; application of topographic maps to the study of hydrographic networks; application of topographic charts to the calculation of lengths, areas and volumes; application of fundamental concepts of flat geometry to simple problem-solving in topography; geometric leveling; basic calculations for a survey and for a geometric leveling.

Not applicable

- Topography: Definition and link to cartography. - Geodesy and cartography: Coordinate and geographic projection systems. Geodetic and cartographic infrastructures: coordinate systems of Portuguese cartography. - Position in planimetry: Rectangular coordinates; Coordinate transformation; Transport of directions and coordinates. - Leveling or elevation position: Elevation and difference. Instruments and methods. Calculation process. - Tachometry and trigonometric leveling: Angle measurement. Instruments and auxiliary material. Calculation process. - Topographic support networks: intersections and polygonal. - Topographic survey: Specifics and data processing. - Cartometry: Scales. Level curves. Slope and slope. Measurement of areas and volumes. - Topographic applications: Terrain profiling. Calculation of land volumes. Implantation. - New technologies: GPS positioning; Orthophotomaps and images

In the respective Curricular Unit, theoretical concepts will be articulated with practical exercises that reflect real-life cases. Collaboration among students is promoted during classes to work together as a team in problem solving. Students will be presented with topics and problems using audiovisual elements to later contextualize the concepts. Additionally, students will be provided with hands-on experience with topographic equipment, accompanied by training on the respective equipment. "Problem-Based Learning" (PBL) practices are highly valued in all classes of this specific Curricular Unit.

- Alves, J.A.D., Cruz, J.J.S. e Norte, C.G. (1988) Manual de Topografia. Vols I e II, PF - Pedro Ferreira (Editor), Lisboa. - Barata, S. (1987) Lições de Topografia, Editorial Estampa, Lisboa. - Casaca, J., Matos, J. e Baio, M. (2000) Topografia Geral, Lidel-Edições Técnicas, Lda, Lisboa. - Gaspar, J.A. (2000), Cartas e projecções cartográficas. Lidel-Edições Técnicas, ISBN: 972-757-151-4. - Gaspar, J.A. (2004), Dicionário de Ciências Cartográficas. Lidel-Edições Técnicas, ISBN: 972-757-236-7. - Gonçalves, J., Madeira, S. e Sousa, J. (2008). Topografia - Conceitos e Aplicações, - Lidel-Edições Técnicas. ISBN: 978-972-757-485-8. - Instituto Geográfico do Exército ( 2002) MANUAL DE LEITURA DE CARTAS., Lisboa. - Schofield, W.; Engineering surveying. ISBN: 0-7506-4987-9.